Anest. intenziv. Med. 2025;36(5):360-367 | DOI: 10.36290/aim.2025.063

Year 2025 in review - General anaesthesiaReview Article

Bláha J., Nguyenová Q. G., Kapráµová K., Bartoąová T.
Klinika anesteziologie, resuscitace a intenzivní medicíny, 1. lékařská fakulta Univerzity Karlovy a Vąeobecná fakultní nemocnice v Praze

This article provides an incomplete overview of randomised studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published in the last 12 months in the area of general anaesthesia. The most frequently mentioned topics, and therefore those selected by the authors, are opioid-free and opioid-sparing anaesthesia, new approaches to airway management, remimazolam as a stable and reversible hypnotic, multimodal PONV prophylaxis, personalised monitoring of anaesthesia depth, and artificial intelligence models in anaesthesiology. Overall, the text focuses on the shift towards safer, individualised, and data-driven anaesthesia.

Keywords: non­‑opioid anaesthesia, opioid­‑sparing anaesthesia, airway management, remimazolam, multimodal prophylaxis, PONV, anaesthesia depth monitoring, personalised approach.

Received: November 2, 2025; Revised: November 2, 2025; Accepted: December 11, 2025; Published: December 22, 2025  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Bláha J, Nguyenová QG, Kapráµová K, Bartoąová T. Year 2025 in review - General anaesthesia. Anest. intenziv. Med. 2025;36(5):360-367. doi: 10.36290/aim.2025.063.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Purchase PDF - 40 CZK (1.7 EUR)
    will be unlocked 22.12.2026

    References

    1. Bláha J, Nguyenová GQ, Bartoąová T. Rok 2024 v přehledu - Celková anestezie. Anest. intenziv. Med. 2024;35(5):305-310. Go to original source...
    2. Bláha J. Rok 2022 v přehledu - Anestezie. Anest. intenziv. Med. 2023;33(5):264-270. Go to original source...
    3. Bláha J. Rok 2021 v přehledu - Anestezie. Anest. intenziv. Med. 2022;32(5):301-306. Go to original source...
    4. Bláha J, Bartoąová T, Nguyenová GQ. Rok 2023 v přehledu - Celková anestezie. Anest. intenziv. Med. 2023;34(5):244-250. Go to original source...
    5. Tripodi VF, Sardo S, Ippolito M, Cortegiani A. Effectiveness and safety of opioid-free anesthesia compared to opioid-based anesthesia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Anesth Analg Crit Care. 2025;5(1):53. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Zhang L, Yu XH, Zhang HM, Wang S, Chen JL, Li XS, et al. Efficacy of opioid-free anesthesia in short-term recovery following laparoscopic-assisted colorectal tumor resection: a randomized trial. Front Oncol. 2025;15:1588623. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Cheng L, Liu J, Qin S, Geng X, Jing L, Fang S. Safety and effectiveness of multimodal opioid-free anaesthesia for pain and recovery after laparoscopic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2025;15(3):e085988. Go to original source...
    8. Liu Y, Ma W, Zuo Y, Li Q. Opioid-free anaesthesia and postoperative quality of recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2025;44(1):101453. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Xu Y, Zhong M, Li S. Opioid-free anesthesia in enhanced recovery after surgery for gastrointestinal surgery: current status, challenges, and prospects. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1662818. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Song B, Li W, Wan L, Zhang L. Effect of Opioid-Free Versus Opioid Anesthesia on the Quality of Postoperative Recovery in Patients Receiving Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2025;35(8):3120-3130. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Nam SW, Do SH, Hwang JW, Park I, Hwang I, Na HS. Effects of opioid-sparing general anesthesia on postoperative nausea and vomiting in laparoscopic gynecological surgery. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2024;77(6):605-613. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Accurso G, Rampulla D, Cusenza M, Candela G, Savatteri P, Vetrugno L,et al. A blended opioid-free anesthesia protocol and regional parietal blocks in laparoscopic abdominal surgery - a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):14097. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Li X, Li S, Xu C, He H, Shao W, Zhan S, et al. Feasibility of Closed-Loop TCI Based on New EEG Baseline in the Presence of Low Dose of Esketamine: A Randomized Controlled Equivalence Trial. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2025;19:3237-3252. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Wu Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Sun L, Hei Y, Zou Y, et al. Effect of intraoperative low-dose esketamine infusion on postoperative sleep disturbance after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2025;25(1):314. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Wang K, Wei B, Wang X, Gao Y, Cao Y, Zhang L, et al. Effects of Dexmedetomidine Combined With Lidocaine Topical Administration on Cough Reflex During Extubation in Thyroidectomy Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Anesth Analg. 2025;141(4):818-827. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Hao S-Q, Zhang X, Zhang F-Y, An L-X, Luo X. Effect of esketamine vs sufentanil adjunct to propofol deep sedation on the incidence of oxygen-desaturation in elderly patients undergoing urologic surgeries: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiology. 2025;25(1):499. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Shanthanna H, Joshi GP. Opioid-free general anesthesia: considerations, techniques, and limitations. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2024;37(4):384-390. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Wu T, Qi H, Hui K, Hu Y, Xu M, Zhou J, et al. Effect of noise isolation with noise-cancelling earmuffs during laparoscopic surgery on acute postoperative pain: a clinical randomised controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2025;25(1):498. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Liu J, Liu J, Wang M, Wang X. Opioid-sparing anesthesia versus opioid-free anesthesia for postoperative recovery quality in breast cancer surgery patients: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2025;20(10):e0334614. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Tang H, Yang Y, Li H. High-flow nasal cannula for pre- and apneic oxygenation during rapid sequence induction intubation in emergency surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2025;20(1):e0316918. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Zhou SQ, Lian JF, Zhou Y, Cao XH, Ni X, Zhang XP, et al. Efficacy of high-flow nasal oxygenation during induction of general anaesthesia in parturients living with obesity: a two-centre, prospective, randomised clinical trial. Anaesthesia. 2025;80(4):378-385. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Craig R, Curran L, Bampoe S, Odor P, Blake L, Carvalho B, et al. Peri-operative use of high-flow nasal oxygen in obstetric patients: a systematic review. Anaesthesia. 2025;80(10):1247-1253. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Lei G, Yang S, Wu L, Yin Y, Xi C, Yang Q, et al. High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Prolongs Safe Apnea Time in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2025;18:2469-2477. Go to original source...
    24. Ye N, Wei C, Deng J, Wang Y, Xie H. Preoxygenation strategies before intubation in patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure: a network meta-analysis. Frontiers in Medicine. 2025;12. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Wang LL, Guo XG, Li Y, Xue FS, Yang JJ. A randomized controlled trial of nasal airway ventilation technique in edentulous patients during anesthesia induction. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):14828. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Yarimoglu R, Basaran B. The Effect of Midazolam on Remifentanil-Induced Difficulty in Mask Ventilation: A Randomised Study. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. 2025;35(05):616-621. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. de Carvalho CC, Guedes IHL, Dantas MVM, Batista PHA, Neto JBL, França AVR, et al. Videolaryngoscope designs for tracheal intubation in adults: a systematic review with network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Anaesthesia. 2025;80(7):823-833. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Polo PP, Ramirez-Rodriguez R, Alejandro-Salinas R, Yangali-Vicente J, Rivera-Lozada O, Barboza JJ. Video Versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025;14. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Yuan J, Yang P, Yu L, Zhang W, Yu J, Chen Q. Comparison of video laryngoscopy with direct laryngoscopy in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30(1):282. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Maxwell S, Rajala B, Schechtman SA, Kountanis JA, Singh S, Klumpner TT, et al. Development of the obstetric unanticipated difficult video-laryngoscopy algorithm through a quality improvement randomized open-label in situ simulation study. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2024;60:104245. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Gunning SGS, Urwin D, Cook TM, Hansel J. Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for teaching direct laryngoscopy skills: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2025;135(5):1397-1409. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Bauer S, Herløv LS, Andersen JH, Geisler A. Endotracheal Tube Sizes During Surgical Procedures in Adult Patients. A Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses and Trial Sequential Analyses. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2025;69(6):e70065. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Kanakaraj M, Bhat AD, Singh NP, Balasubramanian S, Tyagi A, Aathreya R, et al. Choice of supraglottic airway devices: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2024;133(6):1284-1306. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. de Carvalho CC, Kapsokalyvas I, El-Boghdadly K. Second-Generation Supraglottic Airway Devices Versus Endotracheal Intubation in Adults Undergoing Abdominopelvic Surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2025;140(2):265-275. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Machado Assis ML, Batistella Zasso F, Pedrotti Chavez M, Cirne Toledo E, Motta G, Duarte Moraes L, et al. Comparison of Clinical Performance of I-gel and Fastrach Laryngeal Mask Airway as an Intubating Device in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Anesth Analg. 2025;140(2):243-251. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Gupta A, Garg PK, Subramanium R, Shalimar S, Gunjan D, Jagannath S, et al. Efficacy of LMA gastro airway versus endotracheal tube for therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography under general anesthesia: a randomized trial. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2025;22(4):387-395. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Archana KN, Subramanian A, Kumar PH, Kumararadhya GB, Nandeesh HP, Shivakumar KG. Benefit of Gastro™ Laryngeal Mask Airway® during Total Intravenous Anesthesia for Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: A Randomized Controlled Study. Ann Afr Med. 2025;24(2):443-449. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. Maiellare F, Sbaraglia F, Del Vicario M, Fattore R, Ferrone G, Lucente M, et al. New Trends in Airway Management During Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2025;14(16). Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. Zhou J, Li L, Xu C, Zhao E, Yang J, Lv Y. Application of a novel gastro-laryngeal mask in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy surgery: A pilot randomized clinical trial. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2025;44(1):101456. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Brandhorst P, Palella V, Cloeren K, Voegeler S, Treskatsch S, Weigeldt M. Comparison of the oropharyngeal leak pressure in head rotation between a first-generation laryngeal mask and the i-gel laryngeal mask during general anesthesia - a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2025;25(1):448. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Zhou C, Wang X, Zhou M, Guo S, Qi Y, Sun J, Wang L. Comparison of Remimazolam and Propofol on Post-Induction Hypotension in Elderly Hypertensive Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2025;19:3425-3435. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Xiao YY, Zou HD, Qin XN, Zhu R, Dai RP. A Comparison of Remimazolam versus Propofol on Blood Pressure Changes During Therapeutic Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesth Analg 2025;141(1):90-99. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    43. Kim IJ, Choi GJ, Oh HC, Kang H. Comparison of Remimazolam and Propofol for Sedation in Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis. Dig Endosc. 2025;37(10):1054-1067. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Park JI, Na HS, Kim JN, Ryu JH, Jang H, Shin HJ. Effect of remimazolam on postoperative delirium and cognitive function in adults undergoing general anesthesia or procedural sedation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2025;78(2):118-128. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Xi D, Yang M, Li H. Perioperative remimazolam administration to prevent delirium and neurocognitive disorders after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Perioperative Medicine. 2025;14(1):100. Go to original source...
    46. Suga M, Yasuhara J, Watanabe A, Takagi H, Kuno T, Nishimura T, et al. Postoperative delirium under general anaesthesia by remimazolam versus propofol: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Clin Anesth. 2025;101:111735. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Tong RJ, Lv YZ, Shi YF, Lai L, Shen QH. Remimazolam versus propofol for postoperative delirium prevention in geriatric surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2025;37(1):253. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Li C, Wei L, Gong H, Yuan X. Incidence and predictors of postoperative delirium following remimazolam administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 29 randomized trials. BMC Anesthesiol. 2025;25(1):201. Go to original source...
    49. Feng Y, Jia JM, Cheng YX, Lin J, Zhang XY, Wang YZ, et al. Effects of Remimazolam-Propofol with Flumazenil Reversal on the Emergence Time and Hemodynamics of Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Partial Hepatectomy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2025;19:6777-6787. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    50. Lee J, Kim DH, Ju JW, Nam K, Cho YJ, Jeon Y, et al. Comparison of recovery profiles between total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol or remimazolam reversed with flumazenil in patients undergoing breast surgery: A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2024;41(3):199-207. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. Suzuki M, Koshika K, Ichinohe T. Recovery of sedation and psychomotor and equilibrium functions following remimazolam anesthesia with or without flumazenil: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2025;25(1):55-65. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Qin J, Gan W, Liu Q, Zhang X, Li X, Lu B, et al. Emergence profiles of remimazolam-flumazenil versus propofol in pediatric general anesthesia for strabismus correction: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Anesthesiology. 2025;25(1):218. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    53. Gan TJ, Belani KG, Bergese S, Chung F, Diemunsch P, Habib AS, et al. Fourth Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2020;131(2):411-448. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    54. Kovac AL. Pathophysiology and risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults and children. BJA Education 2025;25(6):234-239. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    55. Kang Y, Koshika K, Takashima K, Nakakuki A, Hasunuma K, Hayashi M, et al. Dexamethasone and Ondansetron Combined Decreases Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Orthognathic Surgery Compared With Dexamethasone Alone: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesth Prog. 2025;72(1):3-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Chilkoti GT, Nandanan J, Saxena AK, Seth V, Kaur N, Maurya P. Low dose ondansetron with dexamethasone for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting following laparoscopic cholecystectomy - A randomized double-blind study. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology. 2025;41(1). Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    57. Lal B, Alagarsamy R, Kumar J, Rai AJ, Yadav V, Joshi R, et al. Comparison of efficacy and safety between palonosetron and ondansetron to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing non-laparoscopic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2025;69(1). Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    58. Grigio TR, Timmerman H, dos Santos NP, Pereira JEG, Sousa AM, Wolff AP. Aprepitant and fosaprepitant as a prophylactic antiemetic for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting after general anaesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinics. 2025;80:100783. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. Ri HS, Jeon S, Yeo J, Jung H, Kang C, Choo H. Efficacy of remimazolam in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):29236. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    60. Williams BA, La Colla L, Smith KJ. The ambitious anesthetist aiming for zero nausea/vomiting: can a €55 gram of prevention obviate a €5,000 kilogram of cure? A cost-minimization and cost-benefit perspective. Frontiers in Anesthesiology. 2025;4. Go to original source...
    61. Mieszczański P, Jurczak M, Cylke R, Ziemiański P, Trzebicki J. Evidence-Based Perioperative Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery: A Scoping Review. J Clin Med. 2025;14(19). Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    62. Lee A, Zhang JZ, Xie J, Cheng V, Wong MKH, Yau DKW. Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025;9(9):Cd003281. Go to original source...
    63. Glebov M, Lazebnik T, Katsin M, Orkin B, Berkenstadt H, Bunimovich-Mendrazitsky S. Predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting using machine learning: a model development and validation study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2025;25(1):135. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    64. Da X, Li X, Dong A, Chen L, Ma Y, Li X. Effect of electroencephalogram-guided anesthesia on postoperative delirium in older adults after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1638282. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    65. Yin Q, Chen D, Gu C. Effect of intraoperative Electroencephalogram-guided anesthesia on postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Anesthesiology. 2025;25(1):423. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    66. Silva BDM, Alves e Gomes ADl, Marcolin Miranda L, Albuquerque LG, Defante MLR, Miranda NDCD, et al. Impact of Electroencephalography-guided Anesthesia in Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2025;39(11):3154-3162. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    67. Shi M, Long Y, Zhou Z, Huang L, Wu D, Zhang X. The Impact of Anesthetic Management Under Bispectral Index Monitoring on the Early Recovery Quality of Elderly Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery: A Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Interv Aging. 2025;20:597-612. Go to original source...
    68. Miyasaka KW, Suzuki Y, Brown EN, Nagasaka Y. EEG-Guided Titration of Sevoflurane and Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2025;179(7):704-712. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    69. Snoek MAJ, van den Berg VJ, Dahan A, Boon M. Comparison of different monitors for measurement of nociception during general anaesthesia: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Anaesth. 2025;134(1):180-191. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    70. Chen M, Zhang D. Machine learning-based prediction of post-induction hypotension: identifying risk factors and enhancing anesthesia management. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. 2025;25(1):96. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    71. Cao Y, Wang Y, Liu H, Wu L. Artificial intelligence revolutionizing anesthesia management: advances and prospects in intelligent anesthesia technology. Frontiers in Medicine. 2025;12. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    72. Abosamak MF, Zaki HA, Shaban EE, Shaban A, Shaban A, Hodhod H, et al. Artificial intelligence in airway management: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine. 2025;44(6):101589. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    73. Tu Y, Zhu H, Zhang X, Huang S, Tu W. Machine Learning-Based prediction models for postoperative delirium: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;25(1):940. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    74. Shaw KM, Safavi KC. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Anesthesia Monitoring and Surveillance. Anesthesiology Clinics. 2025;43(3):577-585. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    75. Giri R, Firdhos SH, Vida TA. Artificial Intelligence in Anesthesia: Enhancing Precision, Safety, and Global Access Through Data-Driven Systems. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025;14(19):6900. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    76. Sim JH, Park B, Choi Y. Association between surgical start time and postoperative mortality, morbidity and healthcare utilisation in elective non-cardiac surgeries: a retrospective, single-centre study using propensity score matching. Anaesthesia. 2025. Go to original source...
    77. Godier A, Gouel-Chéron A, Lukaszewicz A-C. Women in anaesthesia and critical care: a narrative review of their impact on patient care, research innovation, and team performance. Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine. 2026;45(1):101612. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    Return to the content


    Anesteziologie a intenzivní medicína

    Madam, Sir,
    please be aware that the website on which you intend to enter, not the general public because it contains technical information about medicines, including advertisements relating to medicinal products. This information and communication professionals are solely under §2 of the Act n.40/1995 Coll. Is active persons authorized to prescribe or supply (hereinafter expert).
    Take note that if you are not an expert, you run the risk of danger to their health or the health of other persons, if you the obtained information improperly understood or interpreted, and especially advertising which may be part of this site, or whether you used it for self-diagnosis or medical treatment, whether in relation to each other in person or in relation to others.

    I declare:

    1. that I have met the above instruction
    2. I'm an expert within the meaning of the Act n.40/1995 Coll. the regulation of advertising, as amended, and I am aware of the risks that would be a person other than the expert input to these sites exhibited

    No
    Yes

    If your statement is not true, please be aware
    that brings the risk of danger to their health or the health of others.