Anest. intenziv. Med. 2013;24(2):91-101

Current Practice in obstetric anaesthesia I. - peri-operative care in Caesarean SectionPostgraduate education

Bláha Jan1,2,*, Nosková Pavlína1,2, Klozová Radka1,3, Seidlová Dagmar1,4, Štourač Petr1,5, Pařízek Antonín6
1 Expertní skupina porodnické anestezie a analgezie ČSARIM
2 Klinika anesteziologie, resuscitace a intenzivní medicíny, 1. lékařská fakulta Univerzity Karlovy v Praze a Všeobecná fakultní nemocnice v Praze
3 Klinika anesteziologie a resuscitace, 2. lékařská fakulta Univerzity Karlovy v Praze a Fakultní nemocnice v Motole
4 II. anesteziologicko-resuscitační oddělení Fakultní nemocnice Brno
5 Klinika anesteziologie, resuscitace a intenzivní medicíny, Lékařská fakulta Masarykovy univerzity a Fakultní nemocnice Brno
6 Gynekologicko-porodnická klinika, 1. lékařská fakulta Univerzity Karlovy v Praze a Všeobecná fakultní nemocnice v Praze

The aim of the following series of articles about Caesarean Section is to provide a contemporary view of the most important procedures in anaesthesia for Caesarean Section and to open up some as yet possibly controversial topics. This review is based mainly on the current literature and summarizes the consensus views of Expert Group for Obstetric Anaesthesia and Analgesia (ESPA), who work as an expert committee of ČSARIM. One of the main ESPA's goals is the presentation and moderation of current topics in obstetric anaesthesia in Anesteziologie & intenzivní medicína, the most read medical Czech journal of our specialty. The first step then is this four-part series "Current practice in obstetric anaesthesia" with the objective to summarize current trends, and also to comment and 'translate' the contents to the Czech hospital environment and practice. In this first part the topics of choice are anaesthesia for Caesarean delivery, oxygen therapy, thrombo-prophylaxis, hypotension, severe hypertension and administration of oxytocin.

Keywords: Caesarean section; anaesthetic care; choice of anaesthesia; oxygen therapy; hypertension; hypotension; thrombo-embolic prophylaxis; oxytocin administration

Received: August 22, 2012; Accepted: December 22, 2012; Published: April 1, 2013  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Bláha J, Nosková P, Klozová R, Seidlová D, Štourač P, Pařízek A. Current Practice in obstetric anaesthesia I. - peri-operative care in Caesarean Section. Anest. intenziv. Med. 2013;24(2):91-101.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. van Dongen, P. W. J. Caesarean Section - Etymology and Early History. South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2009, 15, 2, p. 62-66.
    2. Pařízek, A., Bláha, J., Dolenská, S., Nosková, P. Aktuální vývoj porodnické analgézie v ČR. In: XVII národní kongres ČSARIM: 10.9.2010, Zlín, 2010.
    3. Štourač, P., Bláha, J., Klozová, R., Nosková, P., Seidlová, P. OBAAMA - jak je na tom současná česká porodnická anestezie. In: XIX kongres České společnosti anesteziologie, resuscitace a intenzivní medicíny. Hradec Králové, 2012.
    4. Oppenheimer, L. Diagnosis and management of placenta previa. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada (JOGC) 2007, 29, 3, p. 261-273. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Visalyaputra, S., Rodanant, O., Somboonviboon, W., Tantivitayatan, K., Thienthong, S., Saengchote, W. Spinal versus epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery in severe preeclampsia: a prospective randomized, multicenter study. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2005, 101, 3, p. 862-868, table of contents. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Rahman, K., Jenkins, J. G. Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics: no more frequent but still managed badly. Anaesthesia, 2005, 60, 2, p. 168-171. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. McDonnell, N. J., Paech, M. J., Clavisi, O. M., Scott, K. L. Difficult and failed intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: an observational study of airway management and complications associated with general anaesthesia for caesarean section. Int. J. Obstet. Anesth., 2009, 17, 4, p. 292-297. Go to original source...
    8. Lyons, G., Akerman, N. Problems with general anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Minerva Anestesiol., 2005, 71, 1-2, p. 27-38.
    9. Barnardo, P. D., Jenkins, J. G. Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics: a 6-year review in a UK region. Anaesthesia, 2000, 55, 7, p. 690-694. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Hawkins, J. L. Anesthesia-related maternal mortality. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol., 2003, 46, 3, p. 679-687. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Afolabi, B. B., Lesi, F. E., Merah, N. A. Regional versus general anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2006, 4, CD004350. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Reynolds, F., Seed, P. T. Anaesthesia for Caesarean section and neonatal acid-base status: a meta-analysis. Anaesthesia, 2005, 60, 7, p. 636-653. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Sigalas, J., Galazios, G., Tsikrikoni, I., Scordala, M., Vogiatjaki, T., Spanopoulou, P. I., Tsikouras, P. The influence of the mode of anaesthesia in the incidence of neonatal morbidity after an elective caesarean section. Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol., 2006, 33, 1, p. 10-12.
    14. Jain, K., Bhardwaj, N., Sharma, A., Kaur, J., Kumar, P. A randomised comparison of the effects of low-dose spinal or general anaesthesia on umbilical cord blood gases during caesarean delivery of growth-restricted foetuses with impaired Doppler flow. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2012. Go to original source...
    15. Algert, C. S., Bowen, J. R., Giles, W. B., Knoblanche, G. E., Lain, S. J., Roberts, C. L. Regional block versus general anaesthesia for caesarean section and neonatal outcomes: a population-based study. BMC medicine, 2009, 7, p. 20. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Mancuso, A., De Vivo, A., Giacobbe, A., Priola, V., Maggio Savasta, L., Guzzo, M., De Vivo, D. General versus spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean sections: effects on neonatal short-term outcome. A prospective randomised study. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstet, 2010, 23, 10, p. 1114-1118. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Laudenbach, V., Mercier, F. J., Roze, J. C., Larroque, B., Ancel, P. Y., Kaminski, M., Breart, G., Diemunsch, P., Subtil, D., Lejus, C. et al. Anaesthesia mode for caesarean section and mortality in very preterm infants: an epidemiologic study in the EPIPAGE cohort. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2009, 18, 2, p. 142-149. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Liu, S. S., McDonald, S. B. Current issues in spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 2001, 94, 5, p. 888-906. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Lee, A., Ngan Kee, W. D., Gin, T. A dose-response meta-analysis of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, 98, 2, p. 483-490, table of contents. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Popham, P., Buettner, A., Mendola, M. Anaesthesia for emergency caesarean section, 2000-2004, at the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne. Anaesth. Intensive Care, 2007, 35, 1, p. 74-79. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Kinsella, S. M., Girgirah, K., Scrutton, M. J. Rapid sequence spinal anaesthesia for category-1 urgency caesarean section:a case series. Anaesthesia, 2010, 65, 7, p. 664-669. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Dahl, V., Spreng, U. J. Anaesthesia for urgent (grade 1) caesarean section. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2009, 22, 3, p. 352-356. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Hillyard, S. G., Bate, T. E., Corcoran, T. B., Paech, M. J., O'Sullivan, G. Extending epidural analgesia for emergency Caesarean section: a meta-analysis. British journal of anaesthesia, 2011, 107, 5, p. 668-678. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Tanoubi, I., Drolet, P., Donati, F. Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Canadian journal of anaesthesia, 2009, 56, 6, p. 449-466. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Farmery, A. D., Roe, P. G. A model to describe the rate of oxyhaemoglobin desaturation during apnoea. British journal of anaesthesia, 1996, 76, 2, p. 284-291. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Benumof, J. L., Dagg, R., Benumof, R. Critical hemoglobin desaturation will occur before return to an unparalyzed state following 1 mg/kg intravenous succinylcholine. Anesthesiology, 1997, 87, 4, p. 979-982. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Tanoubi, I. Oxygenation before anesthesia (preoxygena-tion) in adults. In Anesthesiology Rounds, vol. 5. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Montreal, 2006.
    28. Cogliano, M. S., Graham, A. C., Clark, V. A. Supplementary oxygen administration for elective Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia, 2002, 57, 1, p. 66-69. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Khaw, K. S., Wang, C. C., Ngan Kee, W. D., Pang, C. P., Rogers, M. S. Effects of high inspired oxygen fraction during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia on maternal and fetal oxygenation and lipid peroxidation. Br. J. Anaesth., 2002, 88, 1, p. 18-23. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Khaw, K. S., Ngan Kee, W. D. Fetal effects of maternal supplementary oxygen during Caesarean section. Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol., 2004, 17, 4, p. 309-313. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Thorp, J. A., Trobough, T., Evans, R., Hedrick, J., Yeast, J. D. The effect of maternal oxygen administration during the second stage of labor on umbilical cord blood gas values: a randomized controlled prospective trial. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1995, 172, 2 Pt 1, p. 465-474. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Khazin, A. F., Hon, E. H., Hehre, F. W. Effects of maternal hyperoxia on the fetus. I. Oxygen tension. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1971, 109, 4, p. 628-637. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Buhimschi, I. A., Buhimschi, C. S., Pupkin, M., Weiner, C. P.Beneficial impact of term labor: nonenzymatic antioxidant reserve in the human fetus. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2003, 189, 1, p. 181-188. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Lyons, G. Saving mothers' lives: confidential enquiry into maternal and child health 2003-5. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2008, 17, 2, p. 103-105. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. James, A. H. Prevention and management of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. The American journal of medicine, 2007, 120, 10 Suppl 2, S26-34. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Kujovich, J. L. Hormones and pregnancy: thromboembolic risks for women. Br. J. Haematol., 2004, 126, 4, p. 443-454. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Heit, J. A., Kobbervig, C. E., James, A. H., Petterson, T. M., Bailey, K. R., Melton, L. J. 3rd Trends in the incidence of venous thrombo-embolism during pregnancy or postpartum: a 30-year population-based study. Annals of internal medicine, 2005, 143, 10, p. 697-706. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. Pomp, E. R., Lenselink, A. M., Rosendaal, F. R., Doggen, C. J.Pregnancy, the postpartum period and prothrombotic defects: risk of venous thrombosis in the MEGA study. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis (JTH), 2008, 6, 4, p. 632-637. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. James, A. H. Pregnancy and thrombotic risk. Crit. Care Med., 2010, 38, 2 Suppl, S57-63. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Buhimschi, C. S., Buhimschi, I. A., Abdel-Razeq, S., Rosenberg, V. A., Thung, S. F., Zhao, G., Wang, E., Bhandari, V. Proteomic biomarkers of intra-amniotic inflammation: relationship with funisitis and early-onset sepsis in the premature neonate. Pediatric research, 2007, 61, 3, p. 318-324. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Mahieu, B., Jacobs, N., Mahieu, S., Naelaerts, K., Vertessen, F., Weyler, J., Jacquemyn, Y., Van der Planken, M. Haemostatic changes and acquired activated protein C resistance in normal pregnancy. Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis: an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis, 2007, 18, 7, p. 685-688. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Brenner, B. Haemostatic changes in pregnancy. Thrombosis research, 2004, 114, 5-6, p. 409-414. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    43. Johnson, R. F., Herman, N. L., Johnson, H. V., Arney, T. L., Paschall, R. L., Downing, J. W. Effects of fetal pH on local anesthetic transfer across the human placenta. Anesthesiology, 1996, 85, 3, p. 608-615. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Start, R. J., Greenberg, D. J., Herman, N. L. Use of a Wilson Convex Frame in removing "irretrievable" epidural catheters. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1992, 75, 2, p. 305-306. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Widimský, J., Malý, J., Eliáš, P., Lang, O., Franc, P., Roz-točil, K. Doporučení diagnostiky, léčby a prevence plicní embolie. Vnitr. Lek., 2008, 54, Suppl 1, S25-S72.
    46. Horlocker, T. T., Wedel, D. J., Rowlingson, J. C., Enneking, F. K., Kopp, S. L., Benzon, H. T., Brown, D. L., Heit, J. A., Mulroy, M. F., Rosenquist, R. W. et al. Regional anesthesia in the pa-tient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines (Third Edition). Reg. Anesth. Pain Med., 2010, 35, 1, p. 64-101. Go to original source...
    47. Marik, P. E. Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. Clinics in chest medicine, 2010, 31, 4, p. 731-740. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Rosenberg, V. A., Lockwood, C. J. Thromboembolism in pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 2007, 34, 3, p. 481-500. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. Kunar, M. A., Humphreys, G. W., Smith, K. J., Watson, D. G. When a reappearance is old news: visual marking survives occlusion. Journal of experimental psychology Human perception and performance, 2003, 29, 1, p. 185-198. Go to original source...
    50. Kapoor, R., Davies, M., Blaker, P. A., Hall, S. M., Smith, K. J. Blockers of sodium and calcium entry protect axons from nitric oxide-mediated degeneration. Annals of neurology, 2003, 53, 2, p. 174-180. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. Bates, S. M., Greer, I. A., Hirsh, J., Ginsberg, J. S. Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest, 2004, 126, 3 Suppl., p. 627S-644S. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Hull, R. D., Pineo, G. F., MacIsaac, S. Low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis: preoperative versus postoperative initiation in patients undergoing elective hip surgery. Thrombosis research, 2001, 101, 1, p. V155-162. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    53. Strebel, N., Prins, M., Agnelli, G., Buller, H. R. Preoperative or postoperative start of prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism with low-molecular-weight heparin in elective hip surgery? Archives of internal medicine, 2002, 162, 13, p. 1451-1456. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    54. Geerts, W. H., Bergqvist, D., Pineo, G. F., Heit, J. A., Samama, C. M., Lassen, M. R., Colwell, C. W. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest, 2008, 133, 6 Suppl., p. 381S-453S. Go to original source...
    55. Huo, M. H., Spyropoulos, A. C. The eighth American college of chest physicians guidelines on venous thromboembolism prevention: implications for hospital prophylaxis strategies. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis, 2011, 31, 2, p. 196-208. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. AWMF-Leitlinie Prophylaxe der venösen Thromboembolie (VTE). Dostupné na: http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/003-001.html.
    57. Sia, W. W., Powrie, R. O., Cooper, A. B., Larson, L., Phipps, M., Spencer, P., Sauve, N., Rosene-Montella, K. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis in women undergoing cesarean delivery. Thrombosis research, 2009, 123, 3, p. 550-555. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    58. Bates, S. M., Greer, I. A., Pabinger, I., Sofaer, S., Hirsh, J. Venous thromboembolism, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest, 2008, 133, 6 Suppl., p. 844S-886S. Go to original source...
    59. RCOG: Thrombosis and Embolism during Pregnancy and the Puerperium, Reducing the Risk (Green-top 37a).
    60. Cyna, A. M., Andrew, M., Emmett, R. S., Middleton, P., Simmons, S. W. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2006, 4, CD002251. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    61. Rout, C. C., Rocke, D. A., Levin, J., Gouws, E., Reddy, D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective Cesarean section. Anesthesiology, 1993, 79, 2, p. 262-269. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    62. Wennberg, E., Frid, I., Haljamae, H., Wennergren, M., Kjellmer, I. Comparison of Ringer's acetate with 3% dextran 70 for volume loading before extradural caesarean section. Br. J. Anaesth., 1990, 65, 5, p. 654-660. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    63. Butwick, A., Carvalho, B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to Cesarean delivery. Can. J. Anaesth., 2007, 54, 3, p. 190-195. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    64. Crino, J. P., Harris, A. P., Parisi, V. M., Johnson, T. R. Effect of rapid intravenous crystalloid infusion on uteroplacentalblood flow and placental implantation-site oxygen delivery in the pregnant ewe. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1993, 168, 5, p. 1603-1609. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    65. Dyer, R. A., Farina, Z., Joubert, I. A., Du Toit, P., Meyer, M., Torr, G., Wells, K., James, M. F. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesth. Intensive Care, 2004, 32, 3, p. 351-357. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    66. Teoh, W. H., Sia, A. T. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2009, 108, 5, p. 1592-1598. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    67. Carvalho, B., Mercier, F. J., Riley, E. T., Brummel, C.,Cohen, S. E. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2009, 18, 2, p. 150-155. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    68. Siddik-Sayyid, S. M., Nasr, V. G., Taha, S. K., Zbeide, R. A., Shehade, J. M., Al Alami, A. A., Mokadem, F. H., Abdallah, F. W., Baraka, A. S., Aouad, M. T. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2009, 109, 4, p. 1219-1224. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    69. Ueyama, H., He, Y. L., Tanigami, H., Mashimo, T., Yoshiya, I.Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective Cesarean section. Anesthesiology, 1999, 91, 6, p. 1571-1576. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    70. Practice guidelines for obstetric anesthesia: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 2007, 106, 4, p. 843-863. Go to PubMed...
    71. de La Chapelle, A., Benoit, S., Bouregba, M., Durand-Reville, M., Raucoules-Aime, M. The treatment of severe pulmonary edema induced by beta adrenergic agonist tocolytic therapywith continuous positive airway pressure delivered by face mask. Anesth. Analg., 2002, 94, 6, p. 1593-1594, table of contents. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    72. Ngan Kee, W. D. Prevention of maternal hypotension after regional anaesthesia for caesarean section. Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol., 2010, 23, 3, p. 304-309. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    73. Ngan Kee, W. D., Khaw, K. S., Ng, F. F. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology, 2005, 103, 4, p. 744-750. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    74. Wee, M. Y., Brown, H., Reynolds, F. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for caesarean sections: implications for the anaesthetist. Int. J. Obstet. Anesth., 2005, 14, 2, p. 147-158. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    75. Bamber, J. H., Dresner, M. Aortocaval compression in pregnancy: the effect of changing the degree and direction of lateral tilt on maternal cardiac output. Anesth. Analg., 2003, 97, 1, p. 256-258, table of contents. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    76. Magee, L. A., von Dadelszen, P. The management of severe hypertension. Seminars in perinatology, 2009, 33, 3, p. 138-142. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    77. Magee, L. A., Lowe, S., Douglas, M. J., Kathirgamanathan, A.Therapeutics and anaesthesia. Best practice & research Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 2011, 25, 4, p. 477-490. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    78. Vigil-De Gracia, P., Lasso, M., Ruiz, E., Vega-Malek, J. C., de Mena, F. T., Lopez, J. C. Severe hypertension in pregnancy: hydralazine or labetalol. A randomized clinical trial. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2006, 128, 1-2, p. 157-162. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    79. McCoy, S., Baldwin, K. Pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of preeclampsia. American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 2009, 66, 4, p. 337-344. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    80. Podymow, T., August, P. Hypertension in pregnancy. Advan-ces in chronic kidney disease, 2007, 14, 2, p. 178-190. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    81. Baggio, M. R., Martins, W. P., Calderon, A. C., Berezowski, A. T., Marcolin, A. C., Duarte, G., Cavalli, R. C. Changes in fetal and maternal Doppler parameters observed during acute severe hypertension treatment with hydralazine or labetalol: a randomized controlled trial. Ultrasound in medicine & biology, 2011, 37, 1, p. 53-58. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    82. Magee, L. A., Abalos, E., von Dadelszen, P., Sibai, B., Easterling, T., Walkinshaw, S. How to manage hypertension in pregnancy effectively. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2011, 72, 3, p. 394-401. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    83. Chestnut, D. H. (ed.): Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice, 4 edn. Philadelphia: Mosby, Elsevier Inc., 2009. Go to original source...
    84. Podymow, T., August, P. Antihypertensive drugs in pregnancy. Seminars in nephrology, 2011, 31, 1, p. 70-85. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    85. Lowe, S. A., Brown, M. A., Dekker, G. A., Gatt, S., McLintock, C. K., McMahon, L. P., Mangos, G., Moore, M. P., Muller, P., Paech, M. et al. Guidelines for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2008. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology, 2009, 49, 3, p. 242-246.
    86. Bergum, D., Lonnee, H., Hakli, T. F. Oxytocin infusion: acute hyponatraemia, seizures and coma. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2009, 53, 6, p. 826-827. Go to original source...
    87. Dansereau, J., Joshi, A. K., Helewa, M. E., Doran, T. A., Lange, I. R., Luther, E. R., Farine, D., Schulz, M. L., Horbay, G. L., Griffin, P. et al. Double-blind comparison of carbetocin versus oxytocin in prevention of uterine atony after cesarean section. American journal of obstetrics and gynekology, 1999, 180, 3 Pt 1, p. 670-676. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    88. Mukaddam-Daher, S., Yin, Y. L., Roy, J., Gutkowska, J., Cardinal, R. Negative inotropic and chronotropic effects of oxytocin. Hypertension, 2001, 38, 2, p. 292-296. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    89. Svanstrom, M. C., Biber, B., Hanes, M., Johansson, G., Naslund, U., Balfors, E. M. Signs of myocardial ischaemia after injection of oxytocin: a randomized double-blind comparison of oxytocin and methylergometrine during Caesarean section. British journal of anaesthesia, 2008, 100, 5, p. 683-689. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    90. Jonsson, M., Hanson, U., Lidell, C., Norden-Lindeberg, S. ST depression at caesarean section and the relation to oxytocin dose. A randomised controlled trial. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2010, 117, 1, p. 76-83. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    91. Dogan, R., Birdane, A., Bilir, A., Ekemen, S., Tanriverdi, B. Frequency of electrocardiographic changes indicating myocardial ischemia during elective cesarean delivery with regional and general anesthesia: detection based on continuous Holter monitoring and serum markers of ischemia. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2008, 20, 5, p. 347-351. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    92. Dyer, R. A., Butwick, A. J., Carvalho, B. Oxytocin for labour and caesarean delivery: implications for the anaesthesiologist. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, 24, 3, p. 255-261. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    93. Thomas, J. S., Koh, S. H., Cooper, G. M. Haemodynamic effects of oxytocin given as i.v. bolus or infusion on women undergoing Caesarean section. British journal of anaesthesia, 2007, 98, 1, p. 116-119. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    94. Langesaeter, E., Rosseland, L. A., Stubhaug, A. Haemo-dynamic effects of repeated doses of oxytocin during Caesarean delivery in healthy parturients. British journal of anaesthesia, 2009, 103, 2, p. 260-262. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    95. Abdul-Karim, R., Assali, N. S. Renal function in human pregnancy. V. Effects of oxytocin on renal hemodynamics and water and electrolyte excretion. The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine, 1961, 57, p. 522-532. Go to PubMed...
    96. Carvalho, J. C., Balki, M., Kingdom, J., Windrim, R. Oxytocin requirements at elective cesarean delivery: a dose-finding study. Obstetrics and gynekology, 2004, 104, 5 Pt 1, p. 1005-1010. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    97. Butwick, A. J., Coleman, L., Cohen, S. E., Riley, E. T., Carvalho, B. Minimum effective bolus dose of oxytocin during elective Caesarean delivery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2010, 104, 3, p. 338-343. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    98. Sartain, J. B., Barry, J. J., Howat, P. W., McCormack, D. I., Bryant, M. Intravenous oxytocin bolus of 2 units is superior to 5 units during elective Caesarean section. British journal of anaesthesia, 2008, 101, 6, p. 822-826. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    99. Dyer, R. A., Reed, A. R., van Dyk, D., Arcache, M. J., Hodges, O., Lombard, C. J., Greenwood, J., James, M. F. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology, 2009, 111, 4, p. 753-765. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    100. Langesaeter, E., Dragsund, M., Rosseland, L. A. Regional anaesthesia for a Caesarean section in women with cardiac disease: a prospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand., 2010, 54, 1, p. 46-54. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    Return to the content


    Anesteziologie a intenzivní medicína

    Madam, Sir,
    please be aware that the website on which you intend to enter, not the general public because it contains technical information about medicines, including advertisements relating to medicinal products. This information and communication professionals are solely under §2 of the Act n.40/1995 Coll. Is active persons authorized to prescribe or supply (hereinafter expert).
    Take note that if you are not an expert, you run the risk of danger to their health or the health of other persons, if you the obtained information improperly understood or interpreted, and especially advertising which may be part of this site, or whether you used it for self-diagnosis or medical treatment, whether in relation to each other in person or in relation to others.

    I declare:

    1. that I have met the above instruction
    2. I'm an expert within the meaning of the Act n.40/1995 Coll. the regulation of advertising, as amended, and I am aware of the risks that would be a person other than the expert input to these sites exhibited

    No
    Yes

    If your statement is not true, please be aware
    that brings the risk of danger to their health or the health of others.